The Four Tops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Four Tops - Essay Example They marked with Motown records in 1963 (Johnson 2). Despite the fact that, the four tops are best associated with the records they delivered at Motown in the Sixties, they additionally had vital accomplishment at such places as Casablanca, ABC, and Arista in the decades that followed. Despite the fact that the four tops started their profession at Motown, they had an impressive ancient times before their landing in the name Benson and Payton went to Detroit North High School While Fakir and Stubbs went to Pershing High School in the North finish of Detroit. They originally sang together at a friend’s birthday where they had met them four in the wake of moving on from secondary school; they shaped the Four Aims in 1954 where they advanced into an adaptable night club act. Payton had an ability of masterminding harmonies, and he turned into the gathering melodic chief. His Cousin Roquel Davies likewise turned out to be firmly partnered with the gathering, and he gave the execut ives, material and even vocal help during the early stages of the gathering. The four tops recorded a few works of art in Motown, which remains the most extraordinary singles during the label’s mid sixties. ... Four Tops made Billboard’s Hot 100 diagram multiple times somewhere in the range of 1964 and 1988 and fifty two times in R&B graph. Twenty-four of their singles dealt with the Top forty, and seven of those dealt with the Top ten. All through their vocation, they sang in close agreement and not so much as a solitary voice stood separated from the others. In 1962, the gathering was drawn closer by Berry Gordy for an arrangement, yet they neglected to sign an arrangement with him since they said they needed to be certain whether Gordy’s Independent Label would endure. Gordy depicted the gathering as faithful to one another and their vocal mix as extraordinary. Be that as it may, following two years, they marked an arrangement with Gordy and their first task was a collection of show tunes named Breaking. Now, the Four Top future appeared to be questionable with bombed singles on three marks and one unreleased collection on a fourth name. In any case, there followed a tr iumphant association with Holland-Dozier-Holland, which came about to a hit, â€Å"Baby I Need Your Loving,† right away. It was concluded that the Four Tops be reshaped from a nearby agreement gathering to one with lead vocalist (Levis) while Benson, Fakir and Payton give foundation vocals, harmonies, and sporadically co-leads. Also, it was settled the need to stress Levis’ high range, where his croaky, anguished vocals most expressively imparted the energy of Eddie Holland’s verses The Four Tops Led in Mid-1965with ‘I can't help Myself’ exemplary highlighting the gathering. Be that as it may, the peak of their work with Holland was ‘Reach Out I’ll Be There’ from its awesome neoclassical course of action to Levis loud vocal. It was probably the best account. It stayed in the outlines for very nearly four months, and it was their second number one hit (Jones 52). The productive association of

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Bhopal as a Case Study †Union Carbide Corp. Examination OF LARGE-MAGNITUDE INCIDENTS: BHOPAL AS A CASE STUDY Ashok S. Kalelkar Arthur D. Little, Inc. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Presented At The Institution of Chemical Engineers Conference On Preventing Major Chemical Accidents London, England May 1988 ABSTRACT The examination of enormous size episodes is laden with challenges and the way toward setting up the essential driver of an occurrence frequently requires a comprehension of human instinct notwithstanding the important specialized and building skills.The remarkable non-specialized highlights that are normal to the examination of huge greatness occasions are talked about as a rule. The examination of the Bhopal catastrophe is talked about as a particular contextual investigation considering these striking highlights. The aftereffects of the general examination are talked about and it is exhibited that the ordinarily held view that water-washing of a specific header cause d the debacle is truly outlandish. Proof is introduced which shows that immediate water passage into the methyl isocyanate stockpiling tank was the possible starting reason for the Bhopal disaster.I. Presentation In the fallout of a significant mishap or episode in the compound business, it is basic practice to discover the reason for the occasion through an examination. On the off chance that the greatness of the occurrence is extremely huge as far as its effect on individuals, property, or the earth, it isn't remarkable to amass a few groups of examiners to look for the reason for the episode autonomously. In the United States, a huge extent occasion might be explored by the organization that claims the office, the protection bunch that rovides the risk inclusion, government specialists (e. g. , OSHA, EPA), and state and nearby administrative offices. At the point when a few examinations are being directed simultaneously, disregarding the varying premiums that are spoken to by eac h exploring group, collaboration and reality sharing for the most part happens among the researching groups. This agreeable soul was obvious somewhat, for instance, in the examination of the LPG calamity in 1984 in Mexico City l. Page 1 of 16 Bhopal as a Case Study †Union Carbide Corp.Given the noteworthy measure of harm that is normally connected with an enormous size occasion, inclusion by the news media is both broad and thorough, particularly if various fatalities have happened. The news media speak to one more gathering of discrete specialists and will in general spotlight on the human intrigue parts of the catastrophe. Likewise, frequently with minimal hard data accessible, they effectively hypothesize on the reason for the occasion trying to â€Å"scoop† the story; that is, to be the first to report the reason to the world at large.In late years, the news media with their satiate of analytical correspondents have become an anticipated nearness at the site of an oc currence. Albeit no two significant debacles are the equivalent, our association in the examination of in excess of twelve occasions of huge extent has persuaded that there are sure notable highlights that are normal to most examinations. They include: 1. Media Pressure †In the prompt repercussions of an enormous extent occurrence, both nontechnical and in fact prepared journalists combine on the site, searching for brisk â€Å"answers† to the subject of what caused the event.Most correspondents are mindful, limited, and fair-minded in their detailing. Notwithstanding, a periphery bunch normally shows up nearby that is increasingly keen on creating causation speculations, which appear to have extraordinary open intrigue, paying little mind to their veracity. On account of the fiasco at Bhopal in 1984, the reason celebre was the â€Å"missing slip-blind† during a water-washing activity. An affirmation was made that inability to embed a slip-dazzle preceding water-w ashing of certain channels at last prompted water entering the MIC tank and beginning a response. This declaration end up being bogus, as will be shown later in this paper.The trouble with these mistaken causation speculations is that, in light of the fact that people in general and the media have a limited capacity to focus, the hypotheses can turn into the customarily acknowledged forms of what happened. At the point when a specialized examination unveils the real reason a lot later, there might be less inclusion, in light of the fact that the occasion is â€Å"old news† by at that point. 2. Mental Issues †It has additionally been our experience that those individuals related with an enormous greatness occurrence appear to display an inside need to put some mental separation among themselves and the incident.For model, there are the individuals who feel †looking back †that despite the fact that they were not answerable for the occasion, they could have accomp lished more to decrease the size of the occasion. Also, there are the individuals who simply wish it had not happened on â€Å"their watch†. There are likewise events when people on the job mutilate and overlook significant realities to build up a diminished duty regarding the occasion. There is generous proof that such mutilations and oversights happened in Bhopal. 3. Onlooker Accounts †When observers are examined concerning a significant mishap or occurrence, they will in general uncover just those realities that they actually think about significant and pertinent.Thus, a great examiner must coax individuals out, utilizing a line of addressing which inspires every single relevant truth. We have discovered that an onlooker is well on the way to be imminent and accommodating on the off chance that the individual is addressed following the occasion. When a story is told, regardless of whether precise or off base, it will in general solidify. Further, where a purposeful co ntortion happens, with the progression of time, the people included will in general arrange their accounts better. This puts a considerable premium on conversing with people included quickly.In the Bhopal circumstance, the Union Carbide examination group was hindered from doing this by the Indian Government for longer than a year. Thus, Union Carbide couldn't reveal a definitive reason for the occasion until 1986. 4. Opposing Accounts †When confronted with conflicting proclamations from different Page 2 of 16 Bhopal as a Case Study †Union Carbide Corp. witnesses, an examiner needs to weigh different records and afterward judge which record is probably going to be right, disposing of the bogus account.This may require increasing a comprehension of the likely thought processes of those people who, intentionally or unconsciously, gave the off base records. It is likewise regularly conceivable to evaluate the records against known or in fact built up realities, to decide their exactness. We experienced various instances of straightforwardly opposing records of different circumstances that happened during the Bhopal episode from the individuals who were available during the occasion. 5. Time Perception †Although observers in a horrendous occurrence frequently review the arrangement of occasions with surprising clearness, their view of time during the genuine episode here and there differ.Therefore, while setting up the genuine sequence, witnesses' time discernment must be assessed against target proof. On account of the Bhopal examination, sorting out the right order necessitated that impression of time among various observers be represented in a predictable way. The above rundown of highlights is in no way, shape or form total. In any case, it identifies some noteworthy issues that are show in occurrence examinations, and which ought to be considered by agents of enormous greatness episodes. The very nearness of these issues makes an episode examina tion in excess of a simply specialized exercise.In numerous ways, one can compare the examination to endeavoring to effectively sort out a perplexing jigsaw puzzle, with the additional test of having a few pieces that are covered up, others yet to be found, and a few superfluous pieces that don't have a place in the finished riddle at all and must be disposed of. To add to the agent's challenges, the â€Å"puzzle† needs to bring about a reasonable picture, despite the fact that collected in a foundation of human disaster and enduring, media consideration, and a general quality of doubt and threatening vibe towards the plant and friends examination teams.The above elements are those which we have recognized in our examination of enormous size episodes, and a significant number of these elements assumed a job in the examination of the Bhopal occurrence. The accompanying segments will give a short foundation of the examination, endless supply of the variables which were experien ced and settled during the examination, and present a portion of the proof and the finishes of the examination. II. BHOPAL INVESTIGATION BACKGROUND as far as we could possibly know, two separate major nitty gritty specialized examinations of the Bhopal occasion were authorized.One examination 2, supported by the Government of India (GOI), was led by a staff of researchers and designers from the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), and it included different specialists too. A second investigation3, supported by the Union Carbide Corporation (UCC)*, was directed by researchers and designers from UCC, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL), outside specialists, and lawyers. The two examinations went ahead altogether autonomous of each other. (The Indian Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) likewise led its own examination. )Notwithstanding these significant examinations, many conclusions, purportedly dependent on examinations of the episode, were offered by different pape rs, magazines, TV and radio reporters, creators, associations, experts, and government officials. Such records commonly demonstrated Page 3 of 16 Bhopal as a Case Study †Union Carbide Corp. to be very defective and fragmented. Association Carbide examiners were at the site of the occurrence at Bhopal inside days of the occasion to give help and to direct an examination, yet found that the plant had been s

Making Invitations Tutorial for English Learners

Presentation Each year, an incredible number of new workers show up into the nation from everywhere throughout the world. A portion of these settlers enter the nation legitimately while the others attempt to get in wrongfully. Then again, there are the individuals who endeavor to move into the nation illicitly through different mischievous methods. At the outskirts, they are caught and persuasively made to come back to their nation. In spite of the difficulties that the administration faces with respect to the settler issue, there are situations when specialists are committed to acknowledge immigrants.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rising number of foreigners every year has become a genuine discussion issue. A few gatherings bolster arrangements that secure the privileges of foreigners while others are firmly contradicted to the laws that support outsider pa ssageway into the nation. As indicated by Sir Michael Dummet, the state has a few obligations towards outsiders. In any case, the state needs to perceive that its essential job is the government assistance of its own residents just as security of the other people who are out of luck. Consequently the idea that a state’s sole duty is just to guarantee and care about its citizens’ prosperity is defective and confused. Dummet bolsters his notion. He asserts all the residents have an individual a specific good commitment to their nation also. The entire populace is spoken to by their state on the planet. Subsequently, it follows that some nation is likewise ethically obliged to think about the government assistance of different states and that of others (Huemer, 2010). This paper will investigate the commitments that the country has towards the acknowledgment of foreigners. Moreover, the paper will talk about what an ethically advocated migration arrangement incorporates. The paper will maintain the situation to help for the privilege of migration. Proclamation of politicians’ position The resistance coordinated towards migrants and their privileges comes from the feeling of narrow-mindedness among the residents and government officials of the host nation. Both the voters and the legislators the same advance the possibility that a country is just answerable for its residents with no respect for settlers rolling in from outside nations. Subsequently, the legislators will ordinarily put together their contentions with respect to their opinion of serving the interests of their nation best. For example, British lawmakers associated with the European Union considerations consistently ground their choices to help or veto movements on whether it is in light of a legitimate concern for Britain or not. This is in opposition to the desire that they ought to consider the interests of the European Union to settle on their choice whether to help the moveme nt or impugn it. Lawmakers take this situation as to one significant explanation, which is remote residents are of almost no incentive to their political desire. Since the outside residents hold no democratic force in the nation they move into, the government officials esteem them immaterial for their crusades (Dummett, 2001).Advertising Looking for article on established law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critique of politicians’ position and my position The idea of ‘sovereignty’ advances this situation. This idea bolsters national freedom and non-obstruction by other remote countries, particularly on issues of how it manages its residents. Furthermore, another contention sent contrary to settler rights and approaches is that every nation has an individual option to control the exercises on its outskirts. Subsequently, the administration can bar or concede outsiders who wish to go through the countryà ¢â‚¬â„¢s fringes. In any case, the individuals who bolster free migration, assume that nations ought not force any limitations on movement. A correlation is drawn between free migration and the free market idea. This recommendation was unequivocally bolstered by Milton Fried Mans just as Ernest Bevin, who imagined the absolute cancelation of international IDs. They contended that free migration ought to have been permitted to guarantee that essential human right which is the appropriate for opportunity †especially opportunity of development would be appreciated by all people. Along these lines, in the soul of advancing human rights, no nation would reserve the privilege to deny any individual section into a nation of his/her decision. Pope John XXIII additionally bolstered free migration arrangements that prohibited no person from going into any nation. As indicated by Pope John XXIII, all people are individuals from a general family and a more noteworthy world society. This pr esence, as per the Pope, is inalienable and can't be reduced by any nation. Furthermore, Pope John XXIII supported the way that settlers had the right to have their privileges perceived and regarded. They ought to appreciate monetary rights and individual rights to guarantee that they can easily adjust to another general public. Besides, it permits them to acquire a methods for self food. There are a few reasons concerning why the approvals and limitations are forced on workers. Be that as it may, these don't do the trick as a reason in denying those individuals their right. In any case, some accept that limiting the quantity of outsiders going into the nation would ensure the national legacy and culture. Moreover, it is guaranteed that tolerant outsiders will build the monetary hardships he state faces as this would force oblige on the rare assets of the nation. It is, thusly, contended that these limitations are in light of a legitimate concern for the country’s local resid ents (Dummett, 2001). From my point of view, the privileges of outsiders ought to be maintained and ensured. There are a few reasons with respect to why migration limitation is definitely not a great alternative. In the first place, confining workers from entering a nation is an immediate infringement of their natural rights. The most widely recognized purpose behind founding these guidelines is to secure and guarantee the security of the local citizens.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In many cases, psychological warfare has been refered to as the principle security worry that requires settler guideline. Be that as it may, fear based oppressor exercises are executed even by the residents of the nation. Moreover, not all moves are happy to enter the nation to submit a fear monger act. In this way, this can't be utilized as a reason for such confinements. The other exp lanation that has been generally refered to is the impact of movement on business. Most local residents feel that the higher the quantity of migrants in a nation the higher the opposition on the current occupations. This at last prompts an abatement in the personal satisfaction of the local residents. Since the migrants are ordinarily urgent for securing positions they will in general acknowledge low pay rates. Representatives incline toward such specialists as the business would bring about less operational expenses. Anyway this comes to the detriment of the local residents losing their positions. Be that as it may, this isn't a worthy explanation since it is the obligation of the administration to control and express the base compensation inside its domain. Moreover, the employments are intended to be obtained dependent on merit and the individual’s capability. An ethically adequate movement arrangement is the one that meets both the interests of the residents of the nation and those of the foreigners. Such a strategy is hard to be created and executed as there are different difficulties. The circumstance with respect to the issue might be contrasted with a constrained limit raft (Hardin 2001) since a nation can't take in all the outsiders. References Dummett, M. A. E. (2001). On Immigration and Refugees. New York: Routledge. Hardin, G. (2001). Living on a Lifeboat. The Social Contract. 36-47. Recovered from http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles_pdf/living_on_a_lifeboat.pdf Huemer M (2010). Is there a Right to Immigrate? Social Theory and Practice. 36(3), 429-461. DOI: 10.5840/soctheorpract201036323.Advertising Searching for exposition on sacred law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More This paper on Rights of Immigrants and Immigration Policy was composed and put together by client Kingston I. to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it likewise. You can give your paper here.

Propsects and Challenges of Integrated Electonic Health Records for Managed Care Organizations - Free Essay Example

PROPSECTS AND CHALLENGES OF INTEGRATED ELECTONIC HEALTH RECORDS FOR MANAGED CARE ORGANIZATIONS by Peter Oluseyi Okebukola MPH/MBA Intended audience This is a public policy memo directed to the Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology (ONCHIT) within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). CONTENTS ? ? ? ? ? Executive Summary Background Definitions stakeholders Options and implications for managed care ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Individual practice association (IPA) or network model HMOs Staff or group model HMOs Point of service (POS) plans Medicare/ Medicaid Medical tourism Potential Problems Possible Resolution and its Possible Effects Conclusion and Potential Areas for Further Study Recommendations Executive Summary Healthcare Information Technology (HIT) has been shown to improve organizational efficiency and has the potential to transform healthcare and the managed care industry in the near future. The potential impact of HIT on cost savings and quality improvement has led Congress to enact the American Recovery and Re-investment Act of 2009 (ARRA) which encourages the use of information technology to achieve fully integrated electronic health records system in the United States. This law has a lot of implications for the managed care industry which is responsible for the healthcare of a large percentage of Americans. There are many models of managed care and there are also many models of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) which suit each of these different models. However, what is good for one model of HMO may not be good for the other and I hypothesize that this may create many independent, self-sufficient health information systems that may not allow the over-arching goal of the ARRA Act of interconnectivity and interoperability to be met. I propose that a generic model of health information system be developed by the ONCHIT which would have as its backbone, the Centre for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS). This system will be anchored around the Medicare and Medicaid programs and the managed care organizations would design their own systems in such a way as to be interconnected with this system, as opposed to having their own standalone systems. There are many teething problems within this developing area and my roposition may cause some more, but if the ONCHIT ensures that the innovative MCOs who have already installed their own systems are not penalized but encouraged and the spirit of competition is not dampened among vendors, the expected benefits of EHRs may soon be reaped by all, especially the enrollees of the various managed care organizations in the United States. Background Despite the widespread use of information technology in many industries in the general US economy, the health sector in general and managed ca re organizations in particular have yet to put its potential power to good use. The benefits of the value of information technology and its potential for cost saving and improved quality and reduced costs in the long run are well documented (Hillestad 2005, Chen 2009). Despite this however, about 17% of U. S doctor‘s offices and 10% of hospitals have only basic electronic health records, which are by no means integrated and interoperable (Blumenthal 2009). These conditions necessitate that the manner of recording patients‘ clinical information in most care settings is in paper form, which means that the process of reimbursement and payment of claims by managed care organizations is in paper format without any way of truly monitoring care across the different variants of the managed care organization systems. This has many implications for quality control and measurement in the managed care settings of both public and private payment systems including Medicare and Medicaid (Hudson-Scholle 2010). In a bid to remedy the situation, the US government enacted the American Recovery and Re-investment Act of 2009 (ARRA) which contains legislation on the use of information technology to achieve a universal inter-operable and fully integrated electronic health records system in the United States. This legislation, called HITECH, provides up to $30 billion in financial incentives intended to get doctors and hospitals to adopt and use EHRs all contingent on demonstrating the ? meaningful use‘. (Blumenthal 2009,Weiner 2010b). This legislation has many laudable objectives and in the context of managed care, it would be appropriate to discuss the various definitions and implications for the heterogeneous managed care industry and more importantly, the patients, who are the beneficiaries of all these efforts. Definitions There is a need to define the taxonomy to be used in this paper. This has been culled from the lectures by Professor Jonathan Weiner. Health information technology (HIT) thus refers to the ? application of electronic health records (EHR) and other digital technologies to the delivery and management of health care? nd is sometimes used interchangeably with the term ? e-health‘ which refers to ? health and healthcare practices supported by electronic processes and communication? , while health informatics (HI) refers to ? the systematic application of information and computer sciences and technology to health care practice, research and learning? (Weiner 2010b) Managed care is defined as an integrated system that manages health services for an enrolled population rather than simply paying or providing for them (Weiner 2010a). This definition incorporates the fact that managed care organizations need to monitor the health of their enrollees and there is no better way to do so than with the use of health information technology. Stakeholders There are many stakeholders in this drive to achieve interoperable electronic health records systems. The most important stakeholders are the managed care organizations and their enrollee base, doctors and hospitals. However, there are a few more important players in this emerging sector. When the ARRA Act was passed, it mandated the creation of the Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology (ONCHIT) within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). ?ONCHIT currently exists under executive authority, but the HITECH provision enshrines it in statute and greatly expands its resources. One responsibility of the ONCHIT will be to create a strategic plan for a nationwide interoperable health information system, a plan that must be updated annually. Two statutory committees will advise the coordinator: a Health Information Policy Committee and a Health Information Standards Committee? (Blumenthal 2009). The purpose of this office is to guide the deployment of Information Technology to make sure that they meet standards and the unique demands of the healthcare system and in particular, the managed care organizations, which are responsible for financing a large proportion of healthcare in the United States. While there were industry appointed watch dogs that served as a self-regulatory body, such as Health Level Seven International (HL7), the ONCHIT would now play a wider role which would be more than the HL7‘s of developing standards and providing a comprehensive framework for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information that supports clinical practice and the management of health services (HL7, 2010). The practical implications of this become apparent when we note that of the 85% of insured Americans, the financing mechanisms which include public (Medicare and Medicaid) and private, managed care organizations are responsible for the care of most insured Americans. The various roles which health information technology can play in the various managed care systems are discussed below. Options and Implications for Managed Care The characteristics of managed care make it an ideal candidate for the implementation and use of EHRs. The functions of managed care are to organize the tripod of care management or disease management, coordination of providers and financial monitoring or regulation (Weiner 2101a). These functions can be carried out more effectively by the use of information technology as the case of the Kaiser Permanente HMO (Chen 2009) and the Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLC (Dunbar 2010) has shown. Traditional health insurance models can be roughly divided into the traditional fee-for-service indemnity model, ? managed care? indemnity plan, preferred provider organizations (PPO) which make up about 45% of insured Americans, and the health maintenance organization (HMO) which covers about 35% of insured Americans (Weiner 2010a). The HMOs are often referred to as point of service or POS plans. I would like to posit that the role of health information technology in these different organizations varies and that even though it might be tempting to have different frameworks of health information technology or each of these plans, a generic, interoperable system would be the best, given the peculiarities of the American system. The effects on individual practice association or network model HMOs: These are health insurance plans that contract with existing groups and solo private practitioners to care for patients either on capitated or risk-sharing FFS basis (Weiner 2010a) They are u sually disjointed and with the diversity in practice and sheer number of vendors, it may be indeed difficult for the same electronic health system to be shared by all. This complexity however makes the system more inefficient as connectivity between all the individual practices in the network may be costly and in an event where people are trying to implement it, the difficulty involved may make the stakeholders feel that it is not worth it. However in the Johns Hopkins Healthcare LLC, the health information systems have improved productivity and contributed to the bottom line giving hope that these can indeed be replicated throughout the country with patience, creativity and ability to factor in the concerns of all stakeholders (Dunbar 2010). The effect on the staff or group model HMOs: this model involves physicians hired either directly by the HMO or by a separate physician group formed exclusively to serve that HMO‘s patients. This is the model of the Kaiser Permanente and health information systems have been successfully installed and have proved very efficient as discussed by Chen et al (2009). However, from a macro-economic stand-point, these stand-alone information systems for various group model HMOs may not fully help meet the goals set by congress that promulgated the ARRA Act. This is because for the administrators of these systems, the architecture is established in such a way as to encourage interconnectivity within the network and the more the system can be kept free from external influences, the better. This naturally discourages the openness and interconnectivity that the proponents of the ARRA act envisioned. The question is that will interconnectivity breed lack of innovation and stifle competition? This question is answered by David Blumenthal who posits that with a well regulated environment, interconnectivity can be assured while maintaining the standards of interoperability required by all forms of health information systems, regardless of the model of HMO or managed care. This means that the standards that are set have to be fair and not punish the innovative ones who have begun to implement the system before others or those who push the frontiers of innovation in specific features of the various systems. Use to point of service (POS) plans: this is a type of plan where the enrollee can decide at the ? point of service? whether they want to stay within the HMO network or get service covered at less generous levels from providers ? outside? the network (Weiner 2010a). The modalities for health information technology are slightly different for this type of model. This is because the onus is on the consumer to choose where he/she would rather have care. The implications are that the type of electronic health system implemented would be different from that used in the network model HMO. This type of EHR would be heavily dependent on the personal health record (PHR) which would have to be taken to the new provider or made available to the doctor via the internet. It puts the power in the hands of the consumer to make use of the personal health records which will be developed to improve its functionality and act as a ? mobile? or virtual health record, which can be called up by any physician the patient decides to see at that particular time. The care given would be documented and the patient has it on record so that the doctor who treats her next would see the interventions done and then follow up. Also, it makes billings and financial management easier on the part of the administrators of the HMO for monitoring of reimbursement of funds to be providers in different locations. Effect on Medicare/ Medicaid: these large programs potentially have the most to gain from the establishment of interoperable health information systems as they have a large number of enrollees and are federal in nature. These programs would benefit from a central modulated system so as to ensure the ease of use across the different states and multiple stakeholders. When these systems are interoperable, it makes it easier to avoid costs of interconnectivity. However, because they have an increasingly larger part made up of managed care, it is important that the office of the ONCHIT ensures that stand-alone systems are discouraged and that most of these systems are interoperable with the electronic health systems used by the CMS. This is important as the system used by Medicare and Medicaid for administrative and clinical monitoring covers so many patients and it is necessary for the various HMOs that have roles in the various programs e. . Part D and Medicare Advantage programs to be able to connect seamlessly to the system used by Medicare and Medicaid to avoid unnecessary delays and inefficiency. Effect on â€Å"medical tourism†: The advent of tele-medicine which got its start in remote settings with few providers has led to a possible change in the way managed care organizations can organize care. Indeed the cost of healthcare can be m arkedly reduced with the ability of doctors to offer advice even thought they are not physically present. They can review the patient‘s status online and communicate with the patients virtually. According to Weiner, this is likely to lead to a type of ? digital medical tourism‘ or more correctly, ? tele-health without borders? (Weiner 2010b). Potential Problems Despite government‘s interest and sector-wide initiatives, not so much progress has been made. There have been many teething problems associated with HITECH including a policy and political stalemate in which players could not agree on particular standards and procedures (Diamond 2008). On the demand side, many barriers still exist, including high costs, lack of certification and standardization, concerns about privacy, and a disconnect between who pays for EMR systems and who profits from them (Hillestad 2005). Other concerns include the perceived lack of financial returns from investing in them, the technical and logistic challenges involved in installing, maintaining, and updating them, and consumers‘ and physicians‘ concerns (Blumenthal 2009). For managed care organizations that have already put in place their own custom-built systems, there might be inertia to remodel their systems in such a way as to ensure interoperability. The onus is however on Medicare and Medicaid through the CMS, to demonstrate the use of EHRs for their patients and most managed care organizations will follow suit, making systems that are interoperable the CMS as the standard or focal point. Other challenges nclude the ethics of the EHRs which patient safety and confidentiality (Diamond 2008), sales of vital information using the principles of ethics of managed care: beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, justice. These tenets apply to the implementation of EHRs too (Taylor 2010). Possible Resolution and its Possible Effects Even though health absorbs more than $1. 7 trillion per year,—twice the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) average—premature mortality in the United States is much higher tha n OECD averages (Hillestad 2005). This underscores the need for the rapid initiation of electronic health records, if the tide of increasing costs is to be stemmed. This is however not limited to the United States as large scale initiatives put in place by the World Bank and WHO have also tried to stimulate the implementation of HER on a global scale (Fraser 2005, Mars 2010). There is reason for optimism as organizations who have implemented fully functional electronic health records system have success stories. An example is the Kaiser HMO which has seen marked improvement in operational efficiency and has seen costs reduce markedly (Chen 2009). The government‘s action promises to improve the efficiency of managed care organizations. While it is obvious that clinical practice will no longer be limited to paper-based records that will be limited to the facility, the emergence of EHR will encourage resource sharing and will be a veritable tool for comparing health plans, HMOs, hospitals and physicians when it comes to issues of quality measurement, as advocated by the National Committee for Quality Assurance, NCQA (Hudson-Scholle 2010). On the part of the Office of the National Coordinator of Health Information Technology (ONCHIT) within the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), it is saddled with the responsibility to monitor the fledgling industry and ensure a standard playing field for all stakeholders. According to Jha et al, this is easier said than done as this move may further deepen the inequity in the system. They posit that ? as the nation moves toward greater use of EHRs, it is important to determine whether or not there are aps in adoption rates between hospitals that disproportionately care for the poor and those that do not. There seem to be modest differences in quality of care between hospitals that disproportionately care for the poor and those that do not? (Jha 2009). These concerns are real and need to be addressed. Also, the ONCHIT has realized that the incentives have to be structured in such a way as to ensure that providers benefit from improving the quality and efficiency of the ser vices they provide. Only then will they be motivated to take full advantage of the power of EHRs (Blumenthal 2009). The real winners may be the technology companies who stand to gain a lot from the expansion of their business and the relatively untapped market. It is however important not to fall into the trap identified by Diamond, who identified the problem of over-regulation and setting unachievable standards. They identified another approach which should ? focus on a minimal set of standards at first and would make utility for the user to improve health outcomes, rather than agreement of the vendor on the key criteria. Finally, it would require clear policy statements that will guide the design of technology. All of these issues are inextricably connected, and they should be pursued together?. This is important if the government is not to stifle creativity (Diamond 2009). Above all, the customers and not managed care organizations alone are to be the beneficiaries as they should be assured that their information will not be used for any other purposes they have not consented to. Steinbrook muses that because legal protections have not kept pace with technological advances, Congress may wish to amend HIPAA or enact new legislation to safeguard personally controlled electronic health data. If concerns about privacy, security, and commercial exploitation can be allayed, this nascent enterprise should have a smoother birth. (Steinbrook 2010). Conclusion and potential areas for further study There are many areas that need further studies as highlighted by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) report which the highlighted the dearth of adequate data on the benefits of health information technology for providers and hospitals that are not part of integrated systems which include the individual practice associations (IPA) and point of service plans (POS) (Orszag 2008). A thorough study of this area will bring to the fore, concerns of stand-alone hospitals and providers and the potential benefits of interoperability. Recommendations I have posited that indeed Electronic Health Records are necessary for the improvement in managed care in the US and the government has set up many initiatives and policies to ensure that this is fast-tracked including setting up of financial incentives for hospitals and doctors to implement EHR. However, there are various types of EHRs which are applicable to the various HMO or managed care models and there is a risk of creating many fully functional and totally interoperable systems. I suggest that the office of the ONCHIT should, with wide consultation, encourage managed care organizations and care givers to have a basic template for the architecture of their systems and have as the focal point, the Centre for Medicare and Medicaid, which should develop its own system that can be inter-connected to the various variants used by the various HMOs. While the ONCHIT has a lot to do in this regard, the obstacle to overcome are significant, but can only be overcome by continuous deliberation and dialogue among all the stakeholders. Indeed it may be a laudable endeavor, but it is not yet ? uhuru‘ as there are many obstacles on the path to the promised land of fully functional, inter-connected and inter-operable, user friendly electronic health records which are used nationwide and are used as a template for quality improvement performance measures for managed care organizations. References Blumenthal, D. Stimulating the Adoption of Health Information Technology. New England Journal of Medicine Volume 360, Number 15. April 9, 2009 Chen, C. , Garrido T. , Chock, D. , Okawa, G. , Liang L. The Kaiser Permanente Electronic Health Record: Transforming and Streamlining Modalities of Care. Health Affairs Volume 28, Number 2323, 2009. DOI 10. 1377/hlthaff. 28. 2. 323 Diamond, C. , Shirky, C. Health Information Technology: A Few Years of Magical Thinking? Health Affairs 27, no. 5 (2008): w383–w390 (published online 19 August 2008;10. 1377/hlthaff. 27. 5. w383)] Dunbar L. Care Management in Network Plans; Lecture given on February 2nd, 2010 in Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Managed Care and Health Insurance class. Fonkych K. , Taylor R. , The State and Pattern of Health Information Technology Adoption SantaMonica, Calif. : RAND, 2005). Fraser H. , Biondich P, Moodley D. Implementing Electronic Medical Record Systems In Developing Countries. Informatics in Primary Care 2005; Volume 13: 83–95 Hillestad, R. , Bigelow J. , Bower, A. , Girosi, F. , Meili R. , Scoville R. , Taylor R. Can Electronic Medical Record Systems Transform HealthCare? Potential Health Benefits, Savings, and Costs. Health Affairs Volume 24, Number 51103, 2005. DOI 10. 1377/hlthaff. 24. 5. 1103 HL7, 2009. Health Level 7, Retrieved fromhttps://www. hl7. org/about/index. cfm HL7 on February 20, 2010 Hudson-Scholle S. Measuring Quality, Driving Value. Text of lecture delivered in Managed Care and Health Insurance Class, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, February 22 2010. Jha A. , DesRoches C. , Shields A. , Miralles P. , Zheng J. , Rosenbaum S. , Campbell E. Evidence Of An Emerging Digital Divide Among Hospitals That Care For The Poor. Health Affairs Volume 28 No 6, 2009 DOI 10. 1377/hlthaff. 28. 6. w1160 Mars M. , Scott, R. Global E-Health Policy: A Work In Progress. Health Affairs Volume 29 Number 2, 2010: 239-245. DOI 10. 1377/hlthaff. 2009. 0945 Orszag, R. Congressional Budget Office, ? Evidence on the Costs and Benefits of Health Information Technology,? Testimony before the House on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health, 24 July 2008. https://www. cbo. gov/ftpdocs/95xx/doc9572/07-24-HealthIT. pdf (Retrieved on February 20 2010). Steinbrook, R. Personally Controlled Online Health Data —The Next Big Thing in Medical Care? New England Journal of Medicine; Volume 358 Number 16. Retrieved from www. nejm. org. on February 19, 2010. Taylor H. , Introduction to Ethical Issues in Managed Care. Lecture given on March 8th, 2010 in Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Managed Care and Health Insurance class. Weiner J. , The Developing Health IT/ Electronic Health Record (EHR) Infrastructure: Implications for Population-based Managed Care. Lecture given on March 3rd, 2010 in Johns Hopkins School of Public Health Managed Care and Health Insurance class.

The Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century Essay

The Industrial Revolution occurred in Britain from 1760 to 1840. During this time many people moved from farming areas to the city for work. Britain had three different classes, upper, middle and working/lower. These three classes had different living and working conditions. The lower class had the harshest conditions and punishments out of the three, they worked 12 hours a day and then went home to a crowded diseased ridden house late a night. The middle class actually benefitted from the revolution, going from working in factories to owning them. And the upper class had the easiest life out of the three, not having to work and living in beautiful mansions. Working/lower class working conditions. Before the industrial revolution the poor working class people had jobs in agriculture and then when the revolution came, they had to find jobs in factories. Because working in factories was easier than in the fields, large amounts of women and children began working. During the industrial revolution, some of the working class benefitted from it by getting better jobs and/or becoming business owners. But the ones that were unskilled and uneducated were stuck in the lower class. There jobs offered poor pay which often resulted in a miserable, dreary and simple life. The working conditions were fifthly, dangerous and extreme. Most children who worked all day every day didn’t go to school which meant they could receive an education. Without an education, the poor couldn’t getShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution During The 19th Century1468 Words   |  6 Pages The industrial revolution began in the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time most people lived on farms or in small rural villages. Prior to the industrial revolution most manufacturing was done in homes using hand tools and simple basic machines. People lived where their daily existences revolved around farming. 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How do some poets explore ideas of loyalty, love and relationships free essay sample

Love is perhaps the most expressed topic in media, since forever. The word ‘love’ is extremely ambiguous, able to be expressed in multiple ways. Love is often described as a double edged sword. It can mean all there is to one, an experience to be desired and pursued. To others, love is a poison, a drug, which slowly eats away your life and leaves you as nothing but an empty shell. Depending on who you are, love could mean either of these things. Or it could mean both. Poets too, have their own opinions on the subject of love, and often convey their feelings through their works of literacy. Examples of conflicting views on love can be seen expressed by the poets Browning, Keats, Shakespeare, Rossetti and Donne. How do these poets explore ideas of loyalty, love and relationships in their most well known poems? A popular recurring theme featured in love poetry is the theory of true, eternal love. A kind of love which supasses all other infatuations and is often mentioned as ‘the most beautiful gift given to humanity’. Shakespeare expresses his belief of this theory in his 116th sonnet. Written in the 17th century, a time of which poets wrote about the mystical and metaphysical, sonnet 116 really stands out as among others poems as a deep and meaningful one, and serves as a semi-serious guide to love. In sonnet 116, Shakespeare expresses his view on loyalty in love, in which he writes: â€Å"Love is not love which alters with alteration finds, or bends with the remover to remove. † His view is thus; he believes that true love is so powerful, that once acquired, cannot be broken, even if it â€Å"bends with the remover to remove†, meaning if a partner were to be disloyal, true love would still still stay unbroken. Shakespeare also believes that it would be wrong in trying to separate two true lovers, as seen here: â€Å"Let me not to the marriage of true minds, admit impediments. † He sees a true couple as almost a religious blessing, as he refers to the marriage tradition, asking for reasons of which a couple should not be wed. Shakespeare later writes: â€Å"O no! It is an ever-fixed mark, that looks on tempests and is never shaken. It is the star to every wandering bark, whose worths unknown, although its height be taken†. Again, Shakespeare is comparing true love to lighthouses and bright stars, suggesting that true love guides people to comfort, safety and happiness. He could also be expressing his thoughts on relationships, suggesting that even when things go bad, true love will still guide you through tough times and can repair your relationships. Shakespeare again, states that true love is forever, even though physical beauty will deteriorate, it will stay unbroken until the end of time. (â€Å"Love’s not time’s fool, though rosy lips and cheeks, within his bending sickle’s compass come: love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, but bears it out even to the edge of doom. †) Loyalty is an extremely important element which keeps relationships together. Many modern poets write about the sadness and depression they experience as a result of lost love. Browning’s no different from the rest. He too, believes that loyalty is key in love and he conveys his thoughts through his dramatic monologue, ‘My Last Duchess’. The poem was written in the romantic era (nineteenth century) and served as one of the greatest works of literacy at the time. ‘My Last Duchess’ shocked many with its dramatic context, and amazed many more with its hidden messages and its colourful suggestions. In ‘My Last Duchess’, Browning demonstrates the disastrous consequences of a lack of loyalty in love, and this is mainly shown through the death of a partner. Death is an arguably common occurrence in poems involving love and ‘My Last Duchess’ is an excellent example of how effective death can bring out the importance of loyalty. The poem is not divided into sections of any sense, resulting in it seeming like an everyday conversation. The poem also features a first person narrator, and this all adds up to the realism behind the poem. It should also be noted that the poem contains minimal imagery and again, this is to create a realistic scene and situation. Browning believed that love is nothing of fantasy, and he is trying to convey that love is very real and must be taken seriously. In ‘My Last Duchess’, Browning writes â€Å"since none puts by the curtains I have drawn for you†, this is suggesting that the Duke is incredibly possessive and he could be possibly suggesting that in real life, men have their wicked qualities and it could be the downfall of a relationship. Later in the poem, Browning describes the duchess as â€Å"too easily impressed†, and â€Å"T’was not her husband’s presence only, called that spot of joy into the duchess’ cheek†. This hints that the duchess could be lacking in her loyalty, or being unfaithful to the Duke of Ferrara. As a result, the duke has the duchess killed, which blatantly shows the evil and jealousy in humans, and demonstrates how many relationships are built up on the foundation of false love, which results in lack of loyalty. This can be linked to Shakespeare’s sonnet 116, which implies that love is commonplace, but true love is beautiful and rare. Browning’s view on love is thus: love is no game, relationships mustnt be taken lightly, loss of loyalty can cause catastrophes. Browning seems to be implying that until the duke finds true love, he will not stop killing his wives (as he seems unfazed with filling in the emissary with the details and reasons for his act of murder). However, this view contradicts slightly with Shakespeare’s view on true love, in which unfaithfulness does not cause relationships to waver. Another good poem showcasing the consequences of unfaithfulness would be ‘The Apparition’ by 17th century poet, John Donne. Again, this poem deals with death, and although this time, it is metaphorical, it still fits in beautifully among 17th century poetry, which focuses on the metaphysical. The story is of a woman being unfaithful towards her now ex-partner, and Donne relates the feeling of abandonment with death. Within ‘The Apparition’, Donne uses a plethora of (unpleasant) sexual imagery and suggestive themes: â€Å"in worse arms shall see; then thy sicke taper will begin to winke, and he whose art then being tyr’d before†, which suggests that unfaithfulness bears consequence for both individuals within a couple, as the unfaithful partner is being neglected and mistreated. Donne is also using a lot of euphemistic language, e. g. â€Å"sicke taper†, which may stand for something less pleasant. Donne’s attempt to cover up this sexual imagery could suggest that he is trying to cover his love for this ex-lover. Later in ‘The Apparition’, the lines â€Å"bath’d in a cold quicksilver sweat wilt lye† can be presented as a cold, cruel scene, as quicksilver (mercury) is seen as a poisonous metal, which could suggest that disloyalty in relationships could result in a poisonous or corrupted life. Near the end of ‘The Apparition’, Donnes writes â€Å"since my love is spent, I’d rather thou shouldst painfully repent†, and this shows Donne’s belief of which disloyalty completely destroys people, caused him to wish the worst to befall upon her. Another poem on the topic of disloyalty would be Christina Rossetti’s ‘Cousin Kate’. Written in the romantic period (19th century), this poem tells the story of a cottage maiden who suffers from the effects of unfaithfulness and rejection. In ‘Cousin Kate’, the narrator who is described as â€Å"contented among my cottage mates, not mindful I was fair†, is neglected by her lover. By writing that even the most sensible and fair women could be destroyed by lack of loyalty, Rossetti could be suggesting that unfaithfulness is a force so powerful, it can wreck even the strongest bonds. In ‘Cousin Kate’, Rossetti writes â€Å"Call me an outcast thing†, this shows that Rossetti believes that a failure in love causes people to face the negatives the society endows her, and suggests that love is often unjust. However, Rossetti, like Donne, believes in justice and near the end of ‘Cousin Kate’, she reveals and talks about her child, who is described as â€Å"my shame, my pride†, and notes that since cousin Kate cannot bear children, the lord will remain childless and she feels that even though disloyalty, justice will always be present. Love does not only revolve around trust and loyalty. Love is built up of many elements, and John Keats writes about the power and allure of love in his poem ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’. Written in the 17th century, ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, also consists of somewhat supernatural and magical elements. The poem is split into two subsections and consists of two narrators. The first narrator, a lady addressing the knight, speaks of the knight’s ill condition, but does not realise the truth of what has befallen the knight. Keats is possibly suggesting that although it is better to hear the story from two sides, you may not always get the full story. The same occurs in love, in which you may not know the whole truth behind many relationships. The lady states â€Å"The sedge has wither’d from the lake, and no birds sing. † and â€Å"The squirrel’s granary is full, and the harvest’s done†. These lines contain autumn imagery, the state of decay. This could suggest that love is not forever, and all relations have the possibility to decay. The theme of decay is also strong pathetic fallacy for the events which happen in the poem. The lady then speaks of â€Å"a lily on thy brow†, as flowers are normally symbols of love, but lilies are symbolic for death, Keats is possibly suggesting that love in full of opposites and contrasting ideas. The knight first speaks of â€Å"a faery’s child†. Fairies are said to have supernatural powers, and this suggests the unexpected, magical events which happen during the course of being in love. Later, he states â€Å"She look’d at me as she did love, and made sweet moan†. This is possibly some euphemistic language to cover up strong sexual imagery. The use of euphemisms and cover ups may suggest that love is powerful and is undoubtedly strong, and uncontained love may be dangerous. He then lists a series of holy foods: â€Å"roots of relish sweet, and honey wild and manna dew†. Keats is obviously trying to convey to the readers that love is so powerful a force, it may even be holy and is a gift from god, given that manna dew was also a gift from god. The knight then recounts that he had a dream, and it was â€Å"the lastest dream I ever dreamt†. The idea of last dream implies that he cannot sleep again, which was a known symptom of lovesickness in the 17th century. Keats is implying that love is so powerful, it can fill your mind and take over your life. The knight then tells us that in his dream, he sees â€Å"pale kings and princes too† â€Å"They cried La Belle Dame Sans Merci hath thee in thrall! †. From this, we can see that Keats is implying that relationship problems happen more frequently among the rich and powerful, as all these high position men are being seduced by the faery’s child. This could be Keat’s view that true love is not built up on a desire for riches and power, but a sense of mutual agreement. At the end of the poem, the knight awakens from his dream, and he is described as â€Å"sojourning† and â€Å"palely loitering†. This suggests that women have immense power over men in relationships, and spoils of love is frequently one sided. The last lines are as thus: â€Å"Though the sedge has wither’d from the lake, and no birds sing†. These repeated lines confirm that the world is indeed decaying for the knight, proving the importance of love and relationships. This is also a short cyclical structure, and this could suggest that love and heartbreak is all a cycle, and we should learn to accept the tough times in life. When the word ‘love’ is mentioned, hearts, flowers and females come to the minds of males, but do all males see love the same way? Keats, Browning and Donne provide good examples of masculine views on love, and these views are seen in their poems, ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘The Apparition’. In ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, Keats describes men as objects to be seduced, a woman’s plaything. In the poem, the faery enticed many powerful men and put them all under her control by means of them contracting lovesickness. Keats may be implying that infatuation is often confused for love, and the results of being misguided can include becoming someone’s pawn, as some women take advantage of this situation and will attempt to manipulate and control men. Chivalrous love is also a key focus in ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’, and Keats believes that being chivalrous is important in any relationship, but men must be aware that they are not being played with. In the poem ‘Porphyria’s Lover’, Browning presents us with a rather contrasting view. In ‘Porphyrias Lover’, the roles are switched around, instead of the female establishing control over the male, the lover in the poem suddenly decides that he owns Porphyria, and briefly strangles her. The use of the statement: â€Å"she was mine, mine fair† shows the male’s perception of dominance over his Porphyria. The use of repetition also strengthens this idea. In the end of the poem, the narrator states that â€Å"God has not said a word†, which implies that the lover believes he has committed no offense, and his actions were justified. Browning’s other poem, ‘My Last Duchess’, seems to revolve around the same concept, that men are free to do what they wish to women. It is a fact that the duchess is â€Å"easily pleased†, but it has not been proven that she has done anything wrong. The duke murders her on the basis of suspicion, and again, he feels it is his right to do so, as he proclaims that he shall murder his next wife if she were to be unfaithful too. It seems that Browning’s view on love is very one sided (at least as it is shown in his poetry), and he seems to believe in male superiority. From ‘The Apparition’, we can see that Donne’s views are slightly more similar to the modern day views on love. Donne first makes it clear that in the poem, he is now a ghost, and the ex-lover is the killer: â€Å"O murdresse, I am dead†. This suggests that the pain he feels from the break-up is strong enough to metaphorically kill him, and many modern day people going through tough relationships can relate to this. He later speaks of how his ex-lover has made the bad choice leaving him and how she will be treated unfairly: â€Å"in worse arms shall see†. Many modern day people also feel this way, the belief that they are better than the third party. In the end, Donne wishes the worst to befall his ex-lover, and this view is commonly shared among 21st century youths. Donne creates a precise but generalized male’s view on lovers and loyalty, and his views are most suited to what is accepted and expected out of males in our society today. It is important, when trying to present a message, that you acquire the correct context. ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ is set in the medieval period, and medieval settings are often hints for fantasy. Given that the poem is replicating a non-existent setting, and that the poem itself was written in the ‘metaphysical poetry’ era, it is easy to assume that this context is one of illusion. Keats could possibly be suggesting that love is a powerful illusion, women are controlling and tyrannical, and true love is the only way out of this trap. Given this context, we can also assume that lovesickness is caused by men being separated from their women, and this suggests that Keats believe men should break free of this illusion and let go of their past. This context is well suited for bringing out the message of this poem, which is the strength of false and true love, as the fantasy setting and the supernatural events constantly remind you of power and magical acts. As ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ is set in the past, it is also possible that Keats is suggesting that chivalry is dead, and there is no time nor need for chivalry in the modern world. Aside from context, form is usually a key point in poetry. The form of ‘Sonnet 116’ made it obvious that it was a manuscript on true love, as Shakespeare had arranged the lines in a listlike form. Short, snappy verses suggest that to love, you must follow procedures, and ‘Sonnet 116’ is the instruction manual. The regular rhyme scheme of ‘Sonnet 116’ also suggests that love is straightforward and does not suffer from change in any way. the couplets in the end may imply that true love is fair and couples are never meant to be broken. ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ is presented neatly into four line stanzas and a constant rhyme scheme for every second and fourth line. The controlled divisions and rhyming may be to emphasize the fact that women control men, and how fluid things flow when someone is in control. There is a break in the rhyme scheme in the very first and last stanzas, and this may symbolize the possibility to break free of control, by avoiding temptation in the beginning, and by finding true love in the end. ‘The Apparition’ follows an unusual rhyme scheme, which goes ‘abbabcdcdceffeggg’. This is strange, for the poem seems mismatched and in disorder. It is possible that this was what Donne was implying, that disloyalty in love causes one to become confused, and throws a person’s life into disarray. The fact that the rhyme scheme steadies in the end may be a message, suggesting that people must learn to forget about the past, stabilize and look forward to the future. ‘Porphyria’s Lover’ features no stanza division, but follows a controlled, yet irregular rhyme scheme. The lack of stanza division suggests that the action is fast paced and flowing, and there is no flaw in the lover’s plan. The controlled rhyme scheme emphasizes the lover’s control over Porphyria, but the irregularity suggests his mental instability. Every individual has their own view and opinion on the topic of loyalty, love and relationships. Through these poems, I can conclude that love is usually presented as a powerful, yet natural force with the ability to influence and control humans, and plays a very important role in society throughout the ages.

Protestant Reformation Essays - Anglican Saints, Anti-Catholicism

Protestant Reformation Religion is a predominant force in our world today. It also had a strong impact on the lives of those alive during the Protestant Reformation. Many changes were brought along by this historical chain of events. Recently, many incidents have occurred to change the way people view religion. Examples include the Holocaust and, more recently, the Branch-Davidians in Waco, Texas. Even a more spectacular event in history occurred when a group of people decided that just because everyone around them had said it was so, that did not mean that they should blindly follow this idea. The Reformation was led in three different countries by three different men who varied in the reasons for their country's need for reformation. ?The Reformation was an attempt to recover a lost golden age of primitive purity as set forth in the Bible. This search for the primitive purity led to some very impure acts by some on the quest to regain this cleanliness? (Gonzalez 31). The origin of the word "Protestant" roots back to an event that took place nearly a half-millennium ago in April of 1529. At an assembly of political and religious leaders, a protest was read against the accustomed traditions of Roman Catholicism. The protesters, who consisted of fourteen free German cities and six Lutheran princes, read their complaint to those in attendance at the assembly known as the Diet of Speyer. The assembly itself contained Roman Catholic princes of Germany and the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. ?The challengers of the previously untouchable Catholic dogmas stated that if they were forced to choose between obedience to God and obedience to Caesar, they would unanimously choose in favor of God? (Gottfried 4). The Diet was not delighted to hear such slander against everything their country stood for. ?This milestone of rebellion in religion furnished the name, Protestants, to those gathered there to protest? (Gottfried 4). ?Although the protesters did not immediately welcome this new label placed upon them, their enemies did? (Gottfried 4). The protesters main foe became the Roman Catholic Church, which in turn declared all those who claimed to be Christian, but opposed Catholicism, as Protestants. This declaration included the protesters, Baptists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, and other denominations. ?Commencement of the Reformation was spearheaded by a German monk, Martin Luther? (Rosten 9). Born in 1483 in Eisleben, Martin Luther began his schooling in Magdeburg. ?Although he led a very strict childhood, his parents used this rigid boarding only as positive re-enforcement? (Backman 19). ?Martin Luther was brought up to believe in superstition mixed with Christianity, which led to his more liberal interpretation of the Bible? (Backman 19). After his initial schooling, he went on to study in many different universities across Germany. During one of his daily travels, Martin was thrown to the ground when a bolt of lightning struck near him. He interpreted this as a sign from God. At that instance, he declared that he would give up his schooling and become a monk. ?As a monk, Martin Luther led a very expected solitary life? (Backman 22). He devoted himself to endless hours of contemplation of religion and the fundamental workings of all aspects of Catholicism. Nevertheless, the hours of constant meditation and study of the Bible led him to find flaws in the papal doctrine of that day. ?A loyal member of the Catholic Church, he was later to shatter the structure of the medieval Catholicism. A devoted servant of the Pope, he later related the popes with the Antichrist? (Gottfried 10). Many of Martin Luther's followers proclaimed him to be a prophet of the new era. ?Some went as far as to compare him to Moses because he reformed the culture of the religious world just as Moses led the children of Israel out of Egypt? (Backman 20). ?After Martin Luther, there came a man from France who would take the Reformation to the next plateau? (Green 49). Born in 1509 in Picardy, France, John Calvin was the fourth son of the secretary to the chapter of the Noyon Cathedral. ?Calvin was given many excellent schooling opportunities because he was friends with a family that was relatives of the bishop of Noyon? (Green 52). Later, Calvin attended college in Noyon. His